Mobile and hybrid energy 5g base stations

Are 5G base stations more energy efficient than 4G BSS?

The energy consumption of 5G base stations (BSs) is significantly higher than that of 4G BSs, creating challenges for operators due to increased costs and carbon emissions. Existing solutions address this issue by switching off BSs during specific periods or forming cooperation coalitions where some BSs deactivate while others serve users.

How to evaluate a 5G energy-optimised network?

To properly examine an energy-optimised network, it is very crucial to select the most suitable EE metric for 5G networks. EE is the ratio of transmitted bits for every joule of energy expended. Therefore, while measuring it, different perspectives need to be considered such as from the network or user’s point of view.

How can a 5G network reduce the environmental burden?

The integration of sustainable renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can significantly reduce the electricity costs and carbon emissions associated with base stations in 5G networks. However, it is difficult for traditional power grids to fully accommodate green energy, thus exacerbating the environmental burden [7, 8, 9].

Can hierarchical reinforcement learning improve energy conservation in large-scale 5G networks?

However, these approaches often rely on fixed geographic configurations, making them unsuitable for urban areas with numerous BSs and mobile users. To tackle these challenges, we propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL) framework for energy conservation in large-scale 5G networks.